Americans use more energy for transportation than for any other activity
Public transportations are buses,trolleys,lightrail,subways,streetcars,cablecars,monorails and tramways,etc.
Longtime ago, we never used this kind of transportation. We had to walk short distances and even long distances. People were able to use transportation after the industry developed.
People used a man-pulled cart or a wagon in the past.Fossile fuels were not needed for those transportations above, therefore greenhouse gases were not produced.
Now, people need fast transportation. Transportation is very useful for the people but not so helpful to the environment.
Transportation emits many kinds of pollutants to the air. Transportation releases carbon monoxide,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),nitrogen oxides,carbon dioxide(CO2) and benzene. Transportation also contributes sulphur oxides(SOx),particulates, and chlorofluorocarbons( freon gas).In the U.S., transportation releases 33% of carbon emission, 43% from building and 24% from industry. These kinds of pollutants affect the environment and our health. It affects bronchial,lung disorders,urban smog, damage to vegetation,global warming,acidic deposition,and ozone depletion.
Transportation uses huge amount of energy from refined petroleum products.In 1994, In Canada, the transportation industry uses 97% of energy from refined petroleum products, In 1992, 67% of retail pump sales,12% of diesel and gasoline sales to the trucking and transit industries, 9% of air travel consumed, 6% of rail and water-based tarnsport. As I said before, transportation needs huge amount of petroleum products and will need more in the future. In the U.S.,public transportation rider increased more than population increased,so the transportation increase also. Therefore ,more fossile fuels will be used and damage the environment even more.That's why people found out the alternative energy resources, such as alcohol fuels an example of alcohol fuels are ethanlo and methanol. Methanol gas comes from landfills and ethanol comes from grain, but it requires huge amount of land to produce significant quantities and soil degradation. Also people are interested in the potential of electricity and hydrogen alternative transportation fuels. It is cleaner than other oil-fuelled, but if their energies are from unsustainable sources such as coal or nuclear plants. We could get involved in other environmental risks.
Transportation affects the environment directly by using land. These systems require huge amount of land. So they use farmland,forests, and wetland. They also destroy part of wildlife habitats for constructed transportation facilities.Transportation facilities take up most the spaces for roads,bridges,garages, and parking lots that could have been used for social and recreational services,housing,parks,open space.
Transportation also affect the environment indirectly by using products from energy,nonrenewable minerals,manufacturing and the construction for transportation facilities. Many matallic components of vehicles are recycled, but plastics,rubber tires of vehicles wastes and concrete,asphalt of facilities wastes are difficult.
Infrequently, crude oil spills during extraction,transportation,refining,storage,and delivery. These kinds of spills also include the deposition and runoff of toxic material from vehicles.Runoff of other toxic material and deicing salt(during winter for transportation) affect groundwater quality.This is also a significant concern about transportation.
Public transportation reduce carbon dioxide.
U.S. transportation increased 50% of greenhouse gas emission from 1996 to 2006. And
for every passanger mile traveled public transportation uses about one half of the fuel consumed by automobiles
transportation produce 30% of total U.S. carbon dioxide gas emission. This is a serious problem for global warming. If we use public transportation , it reduces CO2 emissions by 37 million metric tons annually.
The private vehicle produces largest carbon dioxide emission. There are over 50% of total U.S. CO2 emission. We can use only one car and use public transportation among two car household, and save 30% of CO2 emissions. Also, using public transportation instead of driving a car, we can save 4,800 pounds of CO2 per year.
Bus with new de
Bus running on soybean biodiesel
sign
As I wrote above, transportation produces the most greenhouse gases emission. That's why many experts tried to make small amount of CO2 emission transportation, such as new diesel bus, biodiesel bus, CNG- compressed natural gas, and hybrid. Technologies improve and these vehicles are developing. There are better gas mileage and low greenhouse gases. Hybrid will save 450 gallons of gas, and 900 lbs of CO2 each year. Also, driving short distance saves energy and greenhouse gases.
Public transportation gives people energy efficient choices.
Biofuels, such as biodiesel and ethanol, are made from plant material- crops, corn,sugarcane and rapeseed or food waste. Biogas (methane) from animal's excrement. There are natural substances. A few cities already have used public transit vehicles.
North Americans use on nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels) for transportation. We have to conserve this energy because nonrenewable energy can not restored. The better way to save energy is taking a bus or
E85 Fuel sold at a regular gasoline station in Washington D.C,
a subway instead of taking a car will save 855 million gallons of gas every year.
If 1 in 10 people use public transportation daily, it reduces 40% of foreign oil.
Using public transportation instead of driving a car will save about $ 6,251 annually for two worker household. Also if we can buy a bus pass, it is another way of saving money.
Taking public transportation saves more energy than using efficient light bulbs and adjusting thermostats.
Among transportation, the train is the most efficient due to carrying many passengers and using less fuel than buses.
Public transportation reduces congestion.
In business area, there is a congested traffic because many people are working there, so that increased the uses of the public transportation and it reduces the congestion of traffic.
Public Transportation is essential to energy efficient land use patterns.
Higher densities are places where they allow the houses to be close to each other and the shopping center and working places are near.
Higher densities allow more public transportation therefore they reduce the driving distances and allow more energy efficient.
Health
If people take a bus or a subway, they can exercise and walk to the bus stops and subway stations.
Safety
To take a bus is 79% safer than to drive own vehicle.
Public transportation users increased by 30% since 1995. It is good for saving energy and environmental problems. We can countinue using public transportation and eco-friendly public transportation is the way to go in the future.
As the industry develope, people needed more transit for moving goods and going to work, therefore people created many kinds
of transportation, such as cars, trucks, trains, subways, airplanes, and buses. Those kinds of transportation runs by fossile fuels - which comes from underground where plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
Fossile fuels are non-renewable energy sources, also fossile fuels cause pollutant when we use them. So, we have to replace fossil fuels with other kinds of energy.
The transportation emits many kinds of pollutants to the air, especially CO2. Carbon dioxide (CO2), affect the environment and our health. The transportation use more energy than any other activities- energy consumption in Americans, 43% of transportation, 39% of industry, 11% of residential, 7% of commercial.
U.S. transportation increased 50% of greenhouse gas emission 10 years ago. And transportation produced 30% of total U.S. CO2 emission. However, currently, people make effort to reduce CO2 emission from transportation to save the environment.
Transportation uses huge amount of energy from fossil fuel. We have to reduce use energy. If we use public transportation-bus,train- it will reduce energy and emitting CO2. Checking tier of transportation is one of way to reduce using energy.
Old car release more greenhouse gas than new car, also new car is more energy efficient than old car, so using new car is also one of way to reduce energy. We can do these even with little effort.
Many experts are trying to fi
source:The National Energy Education Project
nd new alternative energy for clean air and clean energy. They are etanol, biodiesel, propane, and hydrogen. Etanol comes from corns and other crops. It produces less greenhouse gas emission than conventional fuels, also it reduces imported petroleum. Biodiesel comes from vegetable oil and animals fats. It produces less air pollutants than petroleum diesel. Natural gas( CNG) is fossil fuel that generates less air pollutants and greenhouse gases. It has 60%~ 90% less smog producing pollutants, also less expensive than gasoline. Propane (LNG) also called liquefied petroleum gas generate less harmful air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuel, nuclear power, or renewable resources, such as hydropower. Fuel cell vehicles powerd by hydrogen emite no harmful air pollutants.
In some countries, the city's urban transportation system launched the Hydrogen Buses. The hydrogen reacts to oxygen and produce electricity and water. The bus uses a hybrid system that combines the hydrogen fuel cells with high power batteries. Most buses in the world run from diesel fuel vehicles are the main cause of air pollution in the world. But, Hydrogen buses reducing air pollution and acid rain will reduce respiratory illnesses for people in the city. In addition, the new bus is very quiet, it doesn't produce noise pollution, also Hydrogen bus will last an average of twenty years. it has two and half longer than diesel bus.
Fuel cell bus London
Hawaii
Hawaii has started some action to save the environment like other states- California- even though little later than other states. In Honolulu, Hawaii government projected the rail transit system to reduce traffic congestion and protect environment. But some opponents says, Hawaii is so small, that the land will be destroyed after building ( many things). However, the rail transit system could bring a lot of benefit. There are a fully- elevated, steel- wheel rail transit system, also it will be electrically powered from alternative energy sources like hydrogen power, wind power, solar and biofuels. This rail is more energy efficient than other transportation by fossil fuel. And, it will take more than 25,000 cars and trucks off our highways and roads each day- one 300 passenger train can relieve the freeway of 200 cars every three minutes during morning rush hour. It means, help reduce traffic congestion and reduce energy, CO2 emissions, also it is the quietest of all mass transit.
The governor signed some of Hybrid vehicle incentives, SB1202 into law on 6/25/09 which required that parking lots designate 1% exclusively for Electric vehicles includes Plug-in Hybrid vehicles. Hybrid taxi gets credit for using this, Hybrid tax credit and clean car discount etc.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park test a hybrid battery, hydrogen fueled shuttle system because they don't want fossil fuel cars to go in. This will reduce petrolem use and, promote renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emission on sensitive location of Hawaii.
Tomorrow's Transportation: New Systems for the Urban Future
1. Public transportation is very useful servies to us and is not good for environment. Transportation system require huge amount of land.
And it is using nonrenewable energy resources and then it causes air pollution. It release toxic material from themselves and they
damage the quality of groundwater.
Wa need transportation as the industrys develope. But transportation make us tire,for example,health effects,smog,global warming,
acid deposition,ozone depletion,water pollution,waste disposal.
This source is created by The State of Canada's Environment. This site shows me a case of Canada. I think Canada is not the only country with
environmental problem. Almost every country has environmental problem except for the less developed country. This site shows very details about
transportation affecting the environment. Also have many helpful statistics.
6. * Transportation 33%, Buildings 43%, Industry 24% - U.S. C02 emission sources
*Automobiles 30%, Light trucks 27%, Freight trucks 20%, Buses 1%, Air 11%, Water 6%, Rail 2%, others 3% - Transportation emission sources
This source is created by Center for Transportation Analysis reserch brief. It looked easy to me due to drawing a diagram. It shows the rate of greenhouse gases coming from transportation in U.S. This source is also helpful to me.
Part 2
1. Transportation is the largest carbon emmission. Using public transportation reduces carbon emissions by 37 million metric tons annually, and reduces energy consumtion. Using public transportation instead of private vehicle, people can save money appoximately $ 6,251 annually. Also people can use public transportation, save energy and reduce CO2 emission.
This source created by American Public Transportation Association. This is updated on 2,2008,I think it is not to old one so I trust that. This page have many useful informations for this project. It has a few diagrams , colorful letter, statistic charts, and many of positive ways for using transportation so I understand easily. Also, organizing is very clear.
3. U.S. transportation increased greenhouse gases starting from 1996 until 2006. Using transportation reduces carbon dioxide and reduces using energy than private vehicle. Public transportation systems are investing in alternative energy such as disel-electric hybrids, it is 40% more fuel efficient than conventional disel buses.
This source also created by APTA.This source seems short. It is kind of like the summary of source #1. This page doesn't have a statistic chart and graph but it's easy looking and understandable. It doesn't show about update date.
Part 3
1. An alternative fuel vehicle runs on a fuel other than fossil fuels. Europe has strict environmental laws. California restrict on greenhouse gas emissions. That's why many experts attained the goal of making an alternative fuel vehicle. Between 2008 and 2009, there were many alternative fuel vehicles in the world roads.
This site is like a dictionary. It has written every single fuel source and a few picture that makes me understand easily. Also, end of this page shows many references. It is also make me reliable. This is updated on November 25, 2009.
2. EVAmerica is building 9m Ecobus projects. The first is for Georgetown University's Generation fuel cell bus program. The second Ecobus is for the University of Alabama in Birmingham, USA. These formed fuel cell hybrid electric propulsion systems.
This source created by EVAmerica.us. EVAmerica was limited liability company on March 16, 2006. The company was publicly announced by Congressman Zack Wamp, 3rd District Representative of Tennessee at the Tennessee Valley Corridor 2006 National submited in Chattanooga, Tennessee on June, 1st. This page looks advertisment for their company, but it is also useful to me. This page is updated on 2009.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Young
Part 1. negative way
Longtime ago, we never used this kind of transportation. We had to walk short distances and even long distances. People were able to use transportation after the industry developed.
People used a man-pulled cart or a wagon in the past.Fossile fuels were not needed for those transportations above, therefore greenhouse gases were not produced.
Now, people need fast transportation. Transportation is very useful for the people but not so helpful to the environment.
Transportation emits many kinds of pollutants to the air. Transportation releases carbon monoxide,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),nitrogen oxides,carbon dioxide(CO2) and benzene. Transportation also contributes sulphur oxides(SOx),particulates, and chlorofluorocarbons( freon gas).In the U.S., transportation releases 33% of carbon emission, 43% from building and 24% from industry. These kinds of pollutants affect the environment and our health. It affects bronchial,lung disorders,urban smog, damage to vegetation,global warming,acidic deposition,and ozone depletion.
Transportation uses huge amount of en
Transportation affects the environment directly by using land. These systems require huge amount of land. So they use farmland,forests, and wetland. They also destroy part of wildlife habitats for constructed transportation facilities.Transportation facilities take up most the spaces for roads,bridges,garages, and parking lots that could have been used for social and recreational services,housing,parks,open space.
Transportation also affect the environment indirectly by using products from energy,nonrenewable minerals,manufacturing and the construction for transportation facilities. Many matallic components of vehicles are recycled, but plastics,rubber tires of vehicles wastes and concrete,asphalt of facilities wastes are difficult.
Infrequently, crude oil spills during extraction,transportation,refining,storage,and delivery. These kinds of spills also include the deposition and runoff of toxic material from vehicles.Runoff of other toxic material and deicing salt(during winter for transportation) affect groundwater quality.This is also a significant concern about transportation.
Transportation and the environment, The stste of Canada's environment,
http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/SOER/1996report/Doc/1-7-4-9-3-2-1.cfm Sep.11.2009
Center for Transportation Analysis research brief,Transportation and greenhouse gas emissions,
http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Transportation_GHG_Emissions.pdf Sep.14.2009
Part 2. positive way
Public transportation reduce carbon dioxide.
U.S. transportation increased 50% of greenhouse gas emission from 1996 to 2006. And
The private vehicle produces largest carbon dioxide emission. There are over 50% of total U.S. CO2 emission. We can use only one car and use public transportation among two car household, and save 30% of CO2 emissions. Also, using public transportation instead of driving a car, we can save 4,800 pounds of CO2 per year.
Bus with new de
As I wrote above, transportation produces the most greenhouse gases emission. That's why many experts tried to make small amount of CO2 emission transportation, such as new diesel bus, biodiesel bus, CNG- compressed natural gas, and hybrid. Technologies improve and these vehicles are developing. There are better gas mileage and low greenhouse gases. Hybrid will save 450 gallons of gas, and 900 lbs of CO2 each year. Also, driving short distance saves energy and greenhouse gases.
Public transportation gives people energy efficient choices.
Biofuels, such as biodiesel and ethanol, are made from plant material- crops, corn,sugarcane and rapeseed or food waste. Biogas (methane) from animal's excrement. There are natural substances. A few cities already have used public transit vehicles.
North Americans use on nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels) for transportation. We have to conserve this energy because nonrenewable energy can not restored. The better way to save energy is taking a bus or
If 1 in 10 people use public transportation daily, it reduces 40% of foreign oil.
Using public transportation instead of driving a car will save about $ 6,251 annually for two worker household. Also if we can buy a bus pass, it is another way of saving money.
Taking public transportation saves more energy than using efficient light bulbs and adjusting thermostats.
Among transportation, the train is the most efficient due to carrying many passengers and using less fuel than buses.
Public transportation reduces congestion.
In business area, there is a congested traffic because many people are working there, so that increased the uses of the public transportation and it reduces the congestion of traffic.
Public Transportation is essential to energy efficient land use patterns.
Higher densities are places where they allow the houses to be close to each other and the shopping center and working places are near.
Higher densities allow more public transportation therefore they reduce the driving distances and allow more energy efficient.
Health
If people take a bus or a subway, they can exercise and walk to the bus stops and subway stations.
Safety
To take a bus is 79% safer than to drive own vehicle.
Public transportation users increased by 30% since 1995. It is good for saving energy and environmental problems. We can countinue using public transportation and eco-friendly public transportation is the way to go in the future.
APTA, Using Public Transpotation Reduces Greenhouse Gases and Conserves Energy.
http://www.publictransportation.org/reports/documents/greenhouse_brochure.pdf Oct.20, 2009
APTA, Public Transportation ahelps Protect our Environment.
http://publictransportation.org/takesusthere/docs/environment_fact_sheet.pdf Oct. 20.2009
Doityouself, Use Public Transportation tp Reduce Air Pollution,
http://www.doityourself.com/stry/public-transportation Oct. 20, 2009
Energy Conservation,Amanda Bishop, p8~p13, c2009, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, Nov. 3,2009
The New York Times, Hybrid Bus is Environmentally Friendlly, Matthew L. Wald,
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/08/us/hybrid-bus-is-environmentally-friendly.html Nov. 8,2009
Part 3. best way
As the industry develope, people needed more transit for moving goods and going to work, therefore people created many kinds
of transportation, such as cars, trucks, trains, subways, airplanes, and buses. Those kinds of transportation runs by fossile fuels - which comes from underground where plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
Fossile fuels are non-renewable energy sources, also fossile fuels cause pollutant when we use them. So, we have to replace fossil fuels with other kinds of energy.
The transportation emits many kinds of pollutants to the air, especially CO2. Carbon dioxide (CO2), affect the environment and our health. The transportation use more energy than any other activities- energy consumption in Americans, 43% of transportation, 39% of industry, 11% of residential, 7% of commercial.
U.S. transportation increased 50% of greenhouse gas emission 10 years ago. And transportation produced 30% of total U.S. CO2 emission. However, currently, people make effort to reduce CO2 emission from transportation to save the environment.
Transportation uses huge amount of energy from fossil fuel. We have to reduce use energy. If we use public transportation-bus,train- it will reduce energy and emitting CO2. Checking tier of transportation is one of way to reduce using energy.
Old car release more greenhouse gas than new car, also new car is more energy efficient than old car, so using new car is also one of way to reduce energy. We can do these even with little effort.
Many experts are trying to fi
In some countries, the city's urban transportation system launched the Hydrogen Buses. The hydrogen reacts to oxygen and produce electricity and water. The bus uses a hybrid system that combines the hydrogen fuel cells with high power batteries. Most buses in the world run from diesel fuel vehicles are the main cause of air pollution in the world. But, Hydrogen buses reducing air pollution and acid rain will reduce respiratory illnesses for people in the city. In addition, the new bus is very quiet, it doesn't produce noise pollution, also Hydrogen bus will last an average of twenty years. it has two and half longer than diesel bus.
Hawaii
Hawaii has started some action to save the environment like other states- California- even though little later than other states. In Honolulu, Hawaii government projected the rail transit system to reduce traffic congestion and protect environment. But some opponents says, Hawaii is so small, that the land will be destroyed after building ( many things). However, the rail transit system could bring a lot of benefit. There are a fully- elevated, steel- wheel rail transit system, also it will be electrically powered from alternative energy sources like hydrogen power, wind power, solar and biofuels. This rail is more energy efficient than other transportation by fossil fuel. And, it will take more than 25,000 cars and trucks off our highways and roads each day- one 300 passenger train can relieve the freeway of 200 cars every three minutes during morning rush hour. It means, help reduce traffic congestion and reduce energy, CO2 emissions, also it is the quietest of all mass transit.
The governor signed some of Hybrid vehicle incentives, SB1202 into law on 6/25/09 which required that parking lots designate 1% exclusively for Electric vehicles includes Plug-in Hybrid vehicles. Hybrid taxi gets credit for using this, Hybrid tax credit and clean car discount etc.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park test a hybrid battery, hydrogen fueled shuttle system because they don't want fossil fuel cars to go in. This will reduce petrolem use and, promote renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emission on sensitive location of Hawaii.
Honolulu Rail Transit
http://www.honolulutransit.org/library/files/honolulu%20rail%20transit%20brochure.pdf Dec. 7,2009
Wikipedia, Alternative fuel vehicle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_propulsion Nov. 20, 2009
Hawaii volcanoes national park
http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2009/07/09/hawaii-volcanoes-national-park-to-test-a-hybrid-batteryhydrogen-fueled-shuttle-system/ Dec. 5, 2009
1. Public transportation is very useful servies to us and is not good for environment. Transportation system require huge amount of land.
And it is using nonrenewable energy resources and then it causes air pollution. It release toxic material from themselves and they
damage the quality of groundwater.
Wa need transportation as the industrys develope. But transportation make us tire,for example,health effects,smog,global warming,
acid deposition,ozone depletion,water pollution,waste disposal.
This source is created by The State of Canada's Environment. This site shows me a case of Canada. I think Canada is not the only country with
environmental problem. Almost every country has environmental problem except for the less developed country. This site shows very details about
transportation affecting the environment. Also have many helpful statistics.
6. * Transportation 33%, Buildings 43%, Industry 24% - U.S. C02 emission sources
*Automobiles 30%, Light trucks 27%, Freight trucks 20%, Buses 1%, Air 11%, Water 6%, Rail 2%, others 3% - Transportation emission sources
This source is created by Center for Transportation Analysis reserch brief. It looked easy to me due to drawing a diagram. It shows the rate of greenhouse gases coming from transportation in U.S. This source is also helpful to me.
1. Transportation is the largest carbon emmission. Using public transportation reduces carbon emissions by 37 million metric tons annually, and reduces energy consumtion. Using public transportation instead of private vehicle, people can save money appoximately $ 6,251 annually. Also people can use public transportation, save energy and reduce CO2 emission.
This source created by American Public Transportation Association. This is updated on 2,2008,I think it is not to old one so I trust that. This page have many useful informations for this project. It has a few diagrams , colorful letter, statistic charts, and many of positive ways for using transportation so I understand easily. Also, organizing is very clear.
3. U.S. transportation increased greenhouse gases starting from 1996 until 2006. Using transportation reduces carbon dioxide and reduces using energy than private vehicle. Public transportation systems are investing in alternative energy such as disel-electric hybrids, it is 40% more fuel efficient than conventional disel buses.
This source also created by APTA.This source seems short. It is kind of like the summary of source #1. This page doesn't have a statistic chart and graph but it's easy looking and understandable. It doesn't show about update date.
1. An alternative fuel vehicle runs on a fuel other than fossil fuels. Europe has strict environmental laws. California restrict on greenhouse gas emissions. That's why many experts attained the goal of making an alternative fuel vehicle. Between 2008 and 2009, there were many alternative fuel vehicles in the world roads.
This site is like a dictionary. It has written every single fuel source and a few picture that makes me understand easily. Also, end of this page shows many references. It is also make me reliable. This is updated on November 25, 2009.
2. EVAmerica is building 9m Ecobus projects. The first is for Georgetown University's Generation fuel cell bus program. The second Ecobus is for the University of Alabama in Birmingham, USA. These formed fuel cell hybrid electric propulsion systems.
This source created by EVAmerica.us. EVAmerica was limited liability company on March 16, 2006. The company was publicly announced by Congressman Zack Wamp, 3rd District Representative of Tennessee at the Tennessee Valley Corridor 2006 National submited in Chattanooga, Tennessee on June, 1st. This page looks advertisment for their company, but it is also useful to me. This page is updated on 2009.
* Possible sources
Part 1
1.Transportation and the environment, The state of Canada's environment,unknown,
http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/SOER/1996report/Doc/1-7-4-9-3-2-1.cfm Sep.11,2009
2.About.com:Environmental issue,The great American streetcar scandal,Larry West,
http://environment.about.com/od/fossilfuels/a/streetcars.htm Sep.11,2009
3.About.com:Public Transportation:Fast track to fewer emissions and energy independence,Larry West,
http://environment.about.com/od/greenlivingdesign/a/public_transit.htm Sep.11,2009
4.Doityourself,Use public transportation to reduce air pollution,Alden Smith
http://www.doityourself.com/stry/public-transportation Sep.11,2009
5.US EPA,Average carbon dioxide emission resulting from gasoline and diesel fuel,unknown,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/420f05001.htm Sep.11,2009
6.Center for Transportation Analysis research brief,Transportation and greenhouse gas emissions,
http://cta.ornl.gov/cta/One_Pagers/Transportation_GHG_Emissions.pdf Sep.14,2009
Part 2
1. APTA, Using Public Transportation Reduces Green House Gases and Conserves Energy,
http://www.publictransportation.org/reports/documents/greenhouse_brochure.pdf Oct.20.2009
2.U.S. EPA, Mobile Source Emission: Past,Present, and Future, What you can do,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/invntory/overview/whatucando.htm Oct. 20, 2009
3. APTA, Public Transportation Helps Protect Our Environment,
http://publictransportation.org/takesusthere/docs/environment_fact_sheet.pdf Oct. 20,2009
4. About.com, Public Transportation: Fast Track to Fewer Emissions and Energy Independence, Larry West
http://environment.about.com/od/greenlivingdesign/a/public_transit.htm Oct. 20, 2009
5. Doityourself, Use Public Transportation to Reduce Air Pollution, Alden Smith,
http://www.doityourself.com/stry/public-transportation Oct. 20, 2009
6.U.S. EPA, Transportation and Climate, Tools,Analysis, and Publications,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/publications.htm Oct. 25,2009
7. Argonne National Laboratory, Transportation Technology R&D Center,
http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/ Oct. 25, 2009
8. The New York Times, Hybrid Bus is Environmentally Friendly, Matthew L. Wald
http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/08/us/hybrid-bus-is-environmentally-friendly.html Nov. 8, 2009
9. non-internet source
Energy Conservation, Amanda Bishop, p 8~ p 13,c 2009, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark
Part 3**
1. Wikipedia, Alternative fuel vehicle,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuel_car Nov. 20, 2009
2. EVAmerica, Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology, Eco-Friendly Bus,
http://www.evamerica.us/EVAmerica%20Article%20December%202008.pdf Nov. 19, 2009
3.BBC News, Quick guide: Biofuels,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6294133.stm Nov. 19, 2009
4. Chemically Green, 5 Most Environmentally Friendly Cars,
http://chemicallygreen.com/5-most-environmentally-friendly-cars/ Nov. 8, 2009
5.CMRTA, A New Era in Public Transportation,
http://www.gocmrta.com/cleanair.asp Nov. 19, 2009
6. Hybrid Center.org, Hybrid watchdog: Hybrid Transit Buses,
http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-transit-buses.html Nov. 19, 2009
7. UITP, A low Carbon future with public transpor,
http://www.uitp.org/mos/focus/FP-Climate-en.pdf Nov. 30,2009
8. Earth-Friendly Energy, By Ron Fridell, chapter six & seven,c 2009, Lerner Publications Company
9. National Geographic, Powering the Future- Hydrogen Future,By Michael Parfit, page 20~27, August 2005